竹林七贤,诗魏末的七位有名文士,成名年代较“建安七子”晚一些。包括:嵇康、阮籍、山涛、向秀、刘伶、王戎及阮咸。
嵇康(224—263),三国时谯国銍县(今安徽宿州西南)人,字叔夜。虽家世儒学,但学不师授,唯好老、庄之说。与魏宗室婚,官至中散大夫,故又称嵇中散。崇尚自然、养生之道,著有《养生论》,倡「越名教而任自然」。与王戎、刘伶、向秀、山涛、阮咸、阮籍等人交游甚密,被称为「竹林七贤」。后因与山涛志趣不同,山涛将去官,举以自代,遂作书与涛绝交;又因与钟会有隙,被谮於大将军司马昭,年四十遭杀害。嵇康善鼓琴,以弹《广陵散》著名。有《嵇中散集》,以鲁迅辑校《嵇康集》为精善。
阮籍(210-263),三国时期曹魏末年诗人。字嗣宗,竹林七贤之一。陈留尉氏(河南开封)人,曾任步兵校尉,世称阮步兵。崇奉老庄之学,政治上则采谨慎避祸的态度。与嵇康、刘伶等七人为友,常集於竹林之下肆意酣畅,世称竹林七贤。阮籍是「正始之音」的代表,其中以《咏怀》八十二首最为著名。阮籍透过不同的写作技巧如比兴、象徵、寄托,藉古讽今,寄寓情怀,形成了一种「悲愤哀怨,隐晦曲折」的诗风。除诗歌之外,阮籍还长於散文和辞赋。今存散文九篇,其中最长及最有代表性的是〈大人先生传〉。另又存赋六篇,其中述志类有〈清思赋〉、〈首阳山赋〉;咏物类有〈鸠赋〉、〈獮猴赋〉。考《隋书.经籍志》著录阮籍集十三卷,惜已佚。明代张溥辑《阮步兵集》,收《汉魏六朝百三家集》。至近人黄节有《阮步兵咏怀诗注》。
山涛(205—283),字巨源,「竹林七贤」之一。西晋河内怀县(今河南武陟西)人。早孤,家贫。好老庄学说,与嵇康、阮籍等交游。山涛将离选职,欲召嵇康代之,嵇康致书与之绝交。年四十,始为郡主簿。山涛见司马懿与曹爽争权,乃隐身不问事务。司马师执政后,欲倾心依附,被举秀才,除郎中,累迁尚书吏部郎。司马昭以钟会作乱於蜀,将西征,任涛为行军司马,镇邺。昭进爵晋公,涛主张以司马炎为太子。炎代魏称帝时,任山涛为大鸿胪,加奉车都尉,进爵新沓伯。出为冀州刺史,甄拔隐屈,搜访贤才三十余人。入为侍中,迁吏部尚书、太子少傅、左仆射等。每选用官吏,皆先秉承晋武帝之意旨,且亲作评论,时称《山公启事》。曾多次以老病辞官,皆不准。后拜司徒,复固辞,乃归家。有集十卷,亡佚,今有辑本。
向秀(约227-272),字子期,河内怀(今河南武徙西南)人。魏晋竹林七贤之一。官至黄门侍郎、散骑常侍。曾注『庄子』,“ 发明奇趣,振起玄风”,《秋水》、《至乐》二篇,注释未完而卒。后郭象“ 述而广之”,别为一书。向注早佚,现存《庄子注》,可视为向、郭二人之共同著作。他主张“ 名教”与“自然” 统一,合儒、道为一。认为万物自生自化,各任其性,即是“ 逍遥”,但“君臣上下” 亦皆出于“天理自然” ,故不能因要求“逍遥” 而违反“名教”。擅诗赋。其哀悼嵇康、吕安的《思旧赋》,情辞沉痛,有名世。
刘伶,字伯伦,沛国(今安徽宿县)人。「竹林七贤」之一。魏末,曾为建威参军。晋武帝泰始初,召对策问,强调无为而治,遂被黜免。他反对司马氏的黑暗统治和虚伪礼教。为避免政治迫害,遂嗜酒佯狂,任性放浪。一次有客来访,他不穿衣服。客责问他,他说:「我以天地为宅舍,以屋室为衣裤,你们为何入我裤中?」他这种放荡不羁的行为表现出对名教礼法的否定。唯著〈酒德颂〉一篇。
阮咸西晋陈留尉氏(今属河南)人,字仲容。“竹林七贤” 之一。阮籍之侄, 与籍并称为“大小阮” 。历官散骑侍郎,补始平太守。为人旷放,不拘礼法。善弹琵琶。
王戎(234—305),字冲,琅邪临沂(今属山东)人。西晋大臣,「竹林七贤」之一。幼颖悟,神采秀彻。善清谈,与阮籍、嵇康等为竹林之游,戎尝后至,籍曰:「俗物已复来败人意。」他是「七贤」中最庸俗的一位。晋武帝时,历任吏部黄门郎、散骑常侍、河东太守、荆州刺史,进爵安丰县侯。后迁光禄勋、吏部尚书等职。惠帝时,官至司徒。戎苟媚取宠,热衷名利,立朝无所匡谏。性极贪吝,田园遍及诸州,聚敛无已,每自执牙筹,昼夜算计,恒若不足。戎家有好李,常卖之,但恐别人得种,故常钻其核而后出售,因此被世人讥讽。竹林七贤是指三国魏时七位名人嵇康、阮籍、山涛、向秀、刘伶、阮咸、王戎的合称。
他们常集於山阳(今河南修武)竹林之下,肆意酣畅,故世称竹林七贤。他们大都崇尚老庄之学,不拘礼法,生性放达。在政治上,阮籍、刘伶、嵇康对司马氏集团均持不合作态度,嵇康更因此被杀。相反王戎、山涛等则先后投靠司马氏,历任高官,并成为其政权的心腹。在文章创作上,以嵇康、阮籍为代表。如嵇康的《与山巨源绝交书》,他以老庄崇向自然为论点,说明自己不堪出仕,公开表明了不与司马氏合作的政治态度,文章颇负盛名;又如阮籍的《咏怀》诗八十二首,透过比兴、寄托等手法,隐晦地揭露最高统治集团的恶行,讽刺虚伪的礼法之士,由是透过七贤的文章创作,可窥略们各自的志向意趣。
The Seven Sages in Bamboo Grove
The Seven Sages in Bamboo Grove, who are seven literati in late Wei Dynasty, include Ji Kang, Ruan Ji, Shan Tao, Xiang Xiu, Liu Ling, Wang Rong and Ruan Xian.
Ji Kang, also called Shuye and Ji Zhongsan, likes Zhuangzi and Laozi's theory and thoughts. He admires nature and regimen, writes a book Of Regimen, advocates going into nature. Ji is very good at playing stringed instrument and is famous for A Music for Guangling. Besides, he has a work Jizhongsan Anthology. Ruan Ji, also called Sizong, also advocates Laozi and zhuangzi's theory and thoughts. He is a representative of justice. In the terms of writing, he is good at atirizing the present with ancient things and expressing his feelings with skills like analogy, symbol and so on, which makes him have a poem feature of angry, sad, obscure and circuitous.Shan Tao, with another name of Juyuan, likes Laozi and Zhuangzi's thoughts also. Xiang Xiu, always called Ziqi, has ever made explain for the book Zhuangzi. In his opinion, the Confucian ethical code should combine with nature just like Confucianist should combine with Taoist. Liu Ling, with another name of Bolun, emphases govern the country with doing any thing. He only writes one article: Praise Morality of Drinking. Ruan Xian, with another name of Zhongrong, is nephew of Ruanji and ever called double Ruan with Ruan Ji. He is unrestrained and bold and is good at playing lute. Wang Rong, also called Chong, is the most vulgar one among them.
They always gather together in the bamboo grove in Sganyang so that they seven are called the seven sages in bamboo grove. Most of them advocate Laozi and Zhuangzi's thoughts and bold and unstrained. Ji Kang and Ruan Ji are representatives in the terms of articles. Their essays expose governors' devilry obscurely and criticize hypocritical literati. Thus through their articles we can learn their noble and gracious pursuit.