浚县杨玘屯村是国家非物质文化遗产“呢沽沽”的集中产地,素有“泥玩具之乡”、“泥塑第一村”之称,被民俗学专家称为研究历史的活化石,是典型的地域文化,2006年,泥咕咕被国务院公布为首批非物质文化遗产,被国家列入抢救保护项目。
浚县泥塑艺术是以胶泥为原料,手工捏制人或动物的一种古老的民间艺术。“颜色以黑、赭石、白等为底色,蓝、绿、白、黄、红为花纹图案颜色,颜色不经调和,是用原色直接绘画,很具有民俗乡村韵味。”
浚县泥塑主要集中在杨玘屯,据史料记载,在隋末农民起义军与隋军的战争中,双方为争夺黎阳仓,有一员叫杨玘的大将在此屯兵,故后人将此村命名为杨玘屯村。当时,为了纪念在战场上阵亡的战友,将士们常捏制一些鸪鸪、战马、骑兵等以表怀念之情。现在,浚县泥塑的创作题材有了很大拓展,又出现了狮子、小鸟、十二生肖等。其特点继承并发展了古代雕塑的传统工艺,显得古朴、活泼、夸张而又豪放。
浚县泥塑发展至今,已分化出各具特色的三大流派:以王蓝田为代表的泥咕咕派;以“泥猴张”张希和为代表的泥猴派;以宋学海、宋庆春为代表的泥玩派。王派采用传统手法捏制的泥咕咕可发出“咕咕”的声音,其造型古朴、活泼,色彩斑斓。作品被收藏于英国伦敦大不列颠博物馆,王蓝田被联合国教科文组织命名为民间工艺大师。王派传人王学峰在继承父辈传统捏制的基础上,不断创新。2007年,王学峰被中国民间文艺家协会授予中国民间文化杰出传承人,被文化部授予中国非物质文化遗产项目代表性传承人。其作品“吉祥奥运”、“五福娃”、“狮子滚绣球”经奥组委评审,参加了“扬帆奥运?中国民族民间艺术精品巡展”首展”;张派是以捏制泥猴而出名,故名为“泥猴张”,捏制的有杂技泥猴、顶缸泥猴、说唱猴、观月猴、舞蹈猴、抽烟猴、醉酒猴等等,这些猴子造型奇特、虚构合理、变形得当、引人发笑。“泥猴张”被联合国教科文组织授予“一级工艺美术家”称号。以宋学海为代表的宋派捏制吹可发声的泥人、泥马、十二生肖等,被人称为“泥人宋”。他曾被联合国教科文组织和中国民间文艺家协会授予“民间工艺美术家”,被河南省文联授予“民间工艺美术大师”称号。作品先后被中央美术学院、中国美术博物馆院等单位收藏。三大流派的作品在国际上产生了一定的影响。
浚县政府对泥塑艺术的保护传承、发展壮大非常重视,为此,引导其专门成立了“泥塑艺术研究会”,组建了杨玘屯泥塑艺术发展有限公司,实行公司+农户运作模式。杨纪屯泥塑艺术发展有限公司现有职工1000多人,中层管理人员30人,销售人员50人,策划人员10人,外地销售网点5个,年产泥塑产品80余万件,实现销售收入600万元。2007年,公司规划建设了泥塑原生态村项目。该项目位于距国家4A景区——大伾山1公里的杨玘屯村。以大伾山景区为依托,报国家非物质文化遗产“泥咕咕”文化贯穿其中,形成集自然景观、人文景观、旅游休闲、动手参与等为一体的绿色时尚消费产业园。建设内容包括泥塑博物馆、泥塑艺术培训学校、生产车间、艺术烧制窑、生态园区等,总投资1470万元。项目建成后,可发展泥塑作坊200个,带动就业5000人,年实现销售收入5000万元,利税300万元。
Mud Goo Goo
Mud Goo Goo is a casual name for clay toys in Xunxian, which all have small shape changing from about 5 cm to less than 20 cm. There are two holes in the end and they can make GooGoo sounds when blew in the holes so that they are called Mud Goo Goo. Yangyi, Liyang County is the major producing area.
According to the document Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in Government, at the end of Sui Dynasty, a general Yang Yi set troops there, whose name is used to name the village. At that time, there were some soldiers were able to made clay sculptures to remember died soldiers and horses in battlefield with local plaster. Later, some of them settled down there and handed down this making skill.
The basic component are figure, animal, bird and contains more than 100 kinds, mainly are figures from Work Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Water Margin and soldiers in Wagang, animals such as tiger, lion, turtledove, peacock and birds. A feature of Mud Goo Goo is that it chooses black as bottom color and paints all kinds of pictures on the bottom color. Colored drawing chooses black and brown as the bottom color and accompanied with pure pink, red, green and other colorful waves. All these color is toned with yolk to make sure the color will shimming and have a strong contrast. Mud Goo Goo has a graceful and plain appearance, and units with pure red and green color which makes it looks so beautiful. Generally, Mud Goo Goo has four making means: made with models, made by hand only, made with models and hand together, adding wire, spring, flexible lion head, etc, on clay toys. The materials and tools artists use are all very simple, usually got casually around them. Nowadays, it is mainly made in small manual workshops.
Mud Goo Goo has a very long history and tense folk characteristics. The products are all traditional, plain, exaggerated and unique, which is very popular with common people, experts and intelligences. It is praised as living fossil by folklore experts. Nowadays, the major inheritors are Wang Xuefeng, Wang Antian, Song Xuehai, etc. Pitifully, in current times, the young are unwilling to learn this craft skill any more. The traditional craft skill is lack of heritage and faces to being lost.