怀牛膝为我国常用中药材,栽培和应用历史悠久,著名的四大怀药之一。在国内外市场上久享盛名。
本品为苋科植物牛膝( Achyranthes bidentata Bl.)的干燥根。为《中华人民共和国药典》1990年版收载。牛膝始载于东汉《神农本草经》,列为上品,记有"主寒湿痿痹、四肢拘挛,膝痛不可屈伸,逐血气,伤热火烂,坠胎"等功能。历代本草均有记载。《名医别录》载:"生河内及临朐。"、《本草经集注》云:"今出近道、蔡州者最长大柔润,其茎有节似牛膝,故以名也。""河内"系指今河南的黄河以北的沁阳、温县、武陟、孟县、博爱一带,古时均为怀庆府所治。"临朐"在今山东境内,"近道"系指江苏一带,可见牛怀膝很早就产于河南、山东、江苏等地,以河南怀庆府所产者为主,称为怀牛膝。宋·《图经本草》记载:"今江淮、闽粤、关中亦有之,然不及怀州者为真。"明·本草纲目》列入草部隰草类。又名牛茎、百倍、小苋和对节。并对牛膝的野生、栽培、植物形态、采收加工、质量、功能主治等方面作了较详细的记载。宋·《本草衍义》记载:"今西京作种畦,有长三尺者最佳。"按北宋时之"西京"系今河南洛阳,去沁阳、武陟不远。说明在宋代,河南怀庆已种植,且质量优良。
产地分布:
野生怀牛膝主要分布于河南、山西、河北、山东、江苏。辽宁、河南、河北均有栽 培,河南武陟、温县、夏邑、孟县、博爱、沁阳、是怀牛膝栽培的发源地,产量大,称地道药材。此外河北安国、定州、深泽、晋县、南宫、望都、安平、完县也有一定产量。
Huai Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae
Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae is a Chinese common-used Chinese medical herb, which has a long cultivated and practical history. It is one of the famous four Huai medicines and enjoys a very high reputation in the world.
It is dried roots of amaranthaceous plant--Achyranthes Bidentata which is first recorded in Shen Nong's Herbal Classic in Eastern Han Dynasty and was respected as a superior medicine. Besides, medical works in all ages have a record on it. Wuzhi, Xiayi, Mengxian, Bo'ai and Miyang are the origin cultivating areas of Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae, which all have a large yield.