淇河鲫鱼产于豫北的鹤壁地区。淇河是河南唯一一条不受任何污染的河流,故淇河鲫鱼已列为淇河著名特产之一,列为鹤壁三珍之首。 而淇河鲫鱼背色浅褐,腹色银白,胸尾鳍透明,鱼背宽厚,体态丰满,俗称“双脊鱼”,明代被列为贡品,现系河南省珍奇水生动物之一。早在《诗经》中就描述有 “竹竿,以钓于淇”的淇河垂钓之景象。 淇河鲫鱼风味独特,誉满中外。其营养成分丰富。经权威机构深研:淇河鲫鱼含有大量的蛋白质、脂肪、糖类、钙、铁及维生素B1、B2、A等,可补虚强身,滋养脾胃,去湿利尿,对慢性肾病、水肿等都特有奇效。
豫北淇河发源于山西省陵川县方脑岭,流经淇县全境的叫淇河,在浚县淇门入卫河,全长161公里。淇河河谷狭窄,两岸峰峦竞秀,千岩万壑,地形复杂,高低参差。在水文地质上多属奥陶系岩石溶裂隙水,故温泉众多。最寒冷的1~2月间,同纬度的其他河流早已冰封,这里水温仍在10℃以上。在此得天独厚的优越环境中,淇河特产一种鱼,名叫“双背鲫鱼”,主产于淇县,与淇县的“缠丝鸭蛋、无核枣”一同,被誉为“淇河三珍”,曾为历代宫廷贡品。这种鱼体形奇特,味道鲜美,营养丰富,乃鲫中上品“国之瑰宝”,走俏市场,供不应求。
双背鲫鱼
“双背鲫鱼”,鲤形目、鲤科,属淇河鲫,双背鲫。因产于淇河,故又称淇河鲫鱼。双背鲫鱼产于淇河中下游,这里三面环山,一面临水,青山隐隐,绿水迢迢,山清水秀,风景优美如画,是《三国演义》作者罗贯中晚年生活居住的地方。
双背鲫鱼与普通淡水鲫鱼不同。普通鲫鱼一般鳞色灰黑,双背鲫鱼色则略呈金黄,和鲤鱼相似;一般鲫鱼较扁平,体型清瘦,双背鲫鱼则脊背宽厚,体型丰满;一般鲫鱼为2倍体鱼类,双背鲫鱼则为罕见的天然三倍体鱼类;一般鲫鱼生长速度慢,而双背鲫鱼则生长速度快,为一般鲫鱼的2.5倍,脊背厚度为一般鲫鱼的2倍,因而被称为双背鲫鱼。
双背鲫鱼不仅脊背宽厚,而且个大体壮。一般鲫鱼个小体轻,重不过500克左右,而双背鲫鱼大的高达2500克左右,是鲫鱼中的一个绝无仅有的品种。双背鲫鱼“十鱼九母”,雌性为数众多。雄性地位显赫,为典型的“一夫多妻”家族。这一点,在众多的鱼类家族中极其罕见。
双背鲫鱼一个最为显著的特点是肉味鲜美,营养价值高且全面。其含肉率为一般鲫鱼的1.2倍,蛋白质含量高达19.6%,比黄河鲫鱼高6%,氨基酸成份高而全,脂肪含量低而恰到好处。黄河鲫鱼脂肪含量为2.6%--4.75%.而双背鲫鱼仅为1.74%---1.85%。由此可见。双背鲫鱼是珍奇的高蛋白、低脂肪、肉质细嫩、味美质佳鱼种。我国最早的诗歌总集《诗经》(毛诗)中就有“瞿瞿竹竿,以钓于淇”的记载,古诗中也不乏“以其食鱼,唯淇之鲫”的誉词。汤阴县一卷(1938)记载:“淇鲫体皆双脊,形扁圆,其肉嫩肥美,片片呈蒜瓣状,汤暖尤其啜于冬日,昔在封建时代专差向皇帝贡献,列三大贡品之首(淇鲫、香稻米、缠丝蛋),颇受嘉评,时称可与黄河鲤鱼并列,故名声大噪,驰誉南北。”。
Crucians in Qi River
Crucians in Qi River are produced in the region of Hebi in South Henan, which has been listed as a famous specialty in Qi River and the head of Three Treasures of Hebi. This kind of crucian has light brown back, silver white stomach, transparent breast, tail and fim. Besides, they have broad and thick fish back, and plump body so that they are called Double-back fishes, which were regarded as tributes in Ming Dynasty and nowadays are precious water animals in Henan province. Crucians in Qi River enjoys a high reputation all around the world for their unique flavor and rich nutrition such as protein, fat, sugar, calcium and several kinds of vitamin and so on, which endows them medical functions of strengthening physiques, nourishing spleen and stomach, eliminating wet as well as particular effects on chronic kidney disease and edema.